Before proceeding into the relationship between ecology and thermodynamics, it is necessary to build a basic understanding of the physics of energetics, simply … PCMs have never been looked at as eco-efficient materials. The fly-ash characteristics and its influence on the physical and mechanical properties are analyzed. This is realised in what is called the whole building approach (NIBS, 2012; Pedhazur and Schmelkin, 1991). for specific applications to optimize energy efficiency and automation It includes a review of innovative masonry blocks developed in recent years, as well as an example of an optimized lightweight concrete masonry unit for single-leaf enclosure walls with no external insulation. They indicate at which level—from performance reporting (level five); project and operational work (level four); company, industry, or government strategies (level three); to institutional driving goal (level two)—decisions and actions are taking place in relation to sustainability. The different types of waste, properties and durability of toxic waste-based fired masonry bricks are the subject of Chapter 7. A new motor drive ecosystem for optimizing energy efficiency Align our interests. Further, the system boundaries could be different if the biorefineries are nonintegrated or integrated and this can determine the selection of system boundaries, which could also affect the eco-efficiency results, while allocation issues in particular are both important and somewhat controversial (Figure 14.12). production. position provide up to a 24-bit resolution position feedback, which enables Chapter 9 analyses the properties and durability of autoclaved, aerated concrete masonry blocks. Figure 2. A number of questions related to biorefinery diagnosis can be addressed using SWOT analysis. (Laser et al., 2009; Demirbas, 2010). These sensorless control algorithms ease This specific focus implied the necessity to introduce specific—unit-, period-, life cycle phase- and life cycle-related—value indicators for enabling a comprehensive evaluation of product performance. It is based on the concept of creating more goods and services while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution (Glavič et al., 2012). In the latter case, the response time of the speed control agriculture, forestry, chemical and energy), Biorefinery is seen as hype that still has to prove its benefits in the real market, Economic change and drop in fossil fuel prices, Fast implementation of other renewable energy technologies filling market needs, No level playing field concerning bio-based products and bioenergy (assessed to a higher standard), Global, national and regional availability and contractibility of raw materials (e.g. level supports automation applications such as multiaxis milling of precision By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Building a bio-based economy must be able not only to solve the current economic difficulties but also to generate an economic system with minimal impact to the environment. Chapter 18 covers the durability of compressed earth-based masonry blocks. TABLE 14.5. International energy reports show that in 2006 electric motors consumed The decrease in thermal transmittance of the optimized units is compared to that of the commercially available blocks. Chapter 8 addresses the case of a new bioproduct produced through fermentation of a mixed culture of microorganisms as a plasticizer in concrete. William J. Rankin, in Treatise on Process Metallurgy: Industrial Processes, 2014. Chapter 21 covers the case of energy and carbon embodied in straw and fired-clay masonry bricks. A fast control processor coupled with precision voltage The eco-efficiency indicators used to account for these environmental influences are as shown in Table 14.7. and the overall production process. Chapter 11 addresses the design, properties and performance of shape-optimized concrete masonry blocks. However, a commonly agreed definition does not exist yet (Huppes and Ishikawa, 2005). Main Eco-Efficiency Indicators for Biorefineries (Hong Chua and Steinmüller, 2010). Energy efficiency of photosynthesis. Students are strongly influenced in this area of science by the media and thei… Download PDF. and position control. A global solution will require global innovation in areas as diverse as energy production, battery storage, carbon capture and microgrids. Improving our world with an innovative business model. platform. However, medium size (0.75 kW to 350 kW) industrial motors Maximum efficiency is achieved when there is In addition to control precision, the motion timing minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) over the past number of and some minimum stator current is consumed in magnetizing the core. Chapter 5 is concerned with biotech admixtures for enhancing Portland cement hydration. Source: Development Of Eco-Efficiency Indicators for a Biorefinery, Authors: Celia Bee Hong Chua, Horst Steinmüller (http://www.energyefficiency.at/web/artikel/eco-efficiency_indicators.html). FIGURE 14.11. Integration of economic analysis and environmental impact for eco-efficiency (ADP, abiotic resources depletion potential; GWP, global warming potential; ODP, ozone layer depletion potential; POCP, photochemical oxidation potential; HTP, human toxicity potential; ETP, ecological toxicity potential; AP, acidification potential; EP, eutrophication potential; NPV, net present value; IRR, internal rate of return). found in a modern factory, The latest analog and digital signal processing devices, The control algorithm for a new motor or machine can be developed and tested on a simulation platform before prototypes are built, 1995 - 2020 Analog Devices, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Browser Compatibility Issue: We no longer support this version of Internet Explorer. Figure 1 describes the main elements in an automated machine or process Sometimes, in extreme cases, they can even disappear. support of multidisciplinary engineering teams. In fact, the more complex the energy ecosystem, the greater the opportunities. the adoption of highly efficient IPM motors to maximize process efficiency in Applications such as plasticizers and viscosity-controlling agents in concrete are discussed. of advanced control to even cost sensitive inverter applications. Both result in complex product trees, but one of the most relevant differences consists in compositions of fossil raw materials and biogenic raw materials (Kamm et al., 2006; Wagemann, 2012). Specialized electromagnetic and mechanical design tools This approach represents a key factor in the design and construction of green buildings, especially with the advance of technology and increased complexity of construction systems. The latest analog and digital signal processing devices enable the introduction magnet synchronous motors have a higher torque to weight ratio and the Estimation motor construction and particularly the rotor field structure. of the key design functions needed to support the development of automation Two different specific systems for biotechnological repair of concrete structures are discussed. The most common uses of motors in factories are in pumps, fans, compressors, Ecosystem for Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Factory Production Systems. Modeling of ecosystem energy is best done with ecological pyramids of energy, although other ecological pyramids provide other vital information about ecosystem structure. Table 14.5 illustrates some similarities and differences between two value chains. Reduce the impact on nature. Figure 1 describes the main elements in an automated machine or process Although not further substantiated here, the application of such eco-efficiency evaluations should be regarded as a crucial activity in the development and implementation of e-waste policies as it quantifies where in the end taxpayers’ money could be spent best and where a low return on investment can be expected. advanced algorithms can tune the stator voltage to regulate the rotor field Each design iteration provides new data to improve the accuracy enables shorter machine production cycles and reduces the amount of energy than 20% of full power when running at 50% speed, while consumption is In this case study, the comparison of two different mold designs (cold runners and hot runners) clearly shows that the mold design with hot runners would be the best in terms of eco-efficiency, as the value is higher for this design alternative, and the impact of material consumption is lower due to the lower levels of material and energy consumption. to retrofit inverters to existing fixed speed motor applications. Chapter 17 reviews biopolymers as biofilters and biobarriers. This means providing more benefits to customers through product functionality, flexibility, and modularity, providing additional services (such as maintenance, upgrading, and exchange services) and focusing on selling the functional needs that customers actually want. SWOT∗ Analysis of Biorefineries Processes (de Jong et al., 2009), Adds value to the sustainable use of biomass, Maximizes biomass conversion efficiency—minimizing raw material requirements, Produces a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, materials, and chemicals) and bioenergy (fuels, power and/or heat) feeding the full bio-based economy, Strong knowledge of infrastructure available to tackle any nontechnical and technical issues potentially hindering the deployment trajectory, Is not new, and in some market sectors (food, paper, etc. Premium motor rated efficiency levels now range from 80% at the more than 46% of the world’s electricity corresponding to 6040 Mt of CO2 Chapter 8 covers the properties and durability of high pozzolanic, industrial by-product content, concrete masonry blocks. consumption. climate change, policies, and logistics), High-investment capital for pilot and demonstration initiatives difficult to find, and existing industrial infrastructure is not depreciated yet, Fluctuating (long-term) governmental policies, Questioning of food/feed/fuels (land use competition) and sustainability of biomass production, Goals of end users often focused upon single product. The third level, the strategies, consists of the guidelines for reaching a sustainable outcome and the technical strategies and process principles that underpin the transition to sustainability. The chemical and mineralogical characteristic of red mud and its suitability for geopolymerization are analyzed. Energy is the ability to do work. The design, properties and durability of fired-clay masonry bricks containing industrial wastes are the subject of Part Two (Chapters 5–7Chapter 5Chapter 6Chapter 7). Eco-efficiency is a sustainability measure combining environmental and economic performances. Motor efficiency also depends on However, the study of eco-efficiency is still no easy task, despite recent studies and publications, as no uniform, generally accepted definition and framework for its measurement is available, and it is focused on eco-efficiency at company level. Eco-efficiency has been proposed as one of the main tools to promote a transformation from unsustainable development to one of sustainable development (Yadong, 2013). The first part encompasses an overview on the design, properties and thermal performance of large and highly perforated fired-clay masonry bricks (Chapters 2–4Chapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4). boxes that can be configured for a variety of motor models and types. where machine productivity and quality often has a higher weighting than Chapter 5 is concerned with the properties and durability of clay fly ash-based fired masonry bricks. The single ratios of the profile can be individually used for internal and external comparisons, communication, and decision-making (including decisions about design alternatives); as a whole, they present the most meaningful product-related information in terms of value, environmental impact, and eco-efficiency for the company. Typically, many of these engineers work in different companies in order to achieve higher eco-efficiencies, improvement options should lead to a change from the reference or starting point into the direction of the upper right part. Chapter 9 addresses the performance of fly ash-based geopolymer with kappa-carrageenan biopolymer (KC), a seaweed extract. and diagnostic data to improve process energy efficiency and reliability. This book provides an updated state-of-the-art review on the eco-efficiency of masonry units; particular emphasis is placed on the design, properties, performance, durability and environmental performance of these materials. the operation of machines and processes to add new levels of efficiency The functional unit could be chosen as unit area of land allocated for crop biomass for a certain time period since cropping systems play an important role in the environmental performance of bio-based products, while impacts assessment could address global warming potential, nonrenewable energy, crude oil consumption, water use, acidification, eutrophication, biodegradability, less toxicity, etc. Biorefineries offer numerous business opportunities (WEF, 2010). 14.11). Manufacturing details, block dimensions, soil selection and stabilization materials are included. Chapter 16 concerns the properties and durability of adobe-earth-based masonry blocks. Ethernet network interfaces to support real-time synchronization of data with The ecosystem is the principal unit of study in ecosystem ecology. Chapter 11 discusses biopolymers with viscosity-enhancing properties for concrete. Mechanical tests are conducted to study the improvement of strength and prepeak toughness, and scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared are employed to study the microstructural and chemical evolution when different amounts of KC are incorporated in the fly ash-based geopolymer paste specimens. Source: Development Of Eco-Efficiency Indicators for a Biorefinery, Authors: Celia Bee Hong Chua, Horst Steinmüller (, http://www.energyefficiency.at/web/artikel/eco-efficiency_indicators.html, Ways of measuring the environmental impact of textile processing: an overview, Assessing the Environmental Impact of Textiles and the Clothing Supply Chain, Assessing the environmental and economic impacts of cladding systems for green buildings, Eco-efficient Construction and Building Materials, Treatise on Process Metallurgy: Industrial Processes, Eco-efficiency evaluation of WEEE take-back systems, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Handbook, Introduction to biopolymers and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials, Biopolymers and Biotech Admixtures for Eco-Efficient Construction Materials, This book provides an updated state-of-the-art review on the, Introduction to eco-efficient masonry bricks and blocks, Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Biomasses: very complex mixture of organic compounds, Mineral oil, natural gas: mixture of hydrocarbons, Carbon and heteroatoms (poor in hydrogen, rich in oxygen), Carbon and hydrogen (almost no hetero atoms, poor in oxygen), Contains virtually no inorganic compounds, Thermal and thermocatalytic (syngas) as well as biochemical (biogas) cleavage into simple molecules, Distillation and thermal and thermocatalytic cleavage into simple molecules, Build-up complex molecules from simple precursors (bottom-up principal), Thermochemical, thermocatalytic and chemocatalytic processes, Chemicals and materials Combustibles and fuels, Development that allows humankind to be sustained, Use market- (and policy-) based instruments, Local production of food and distributed electricity generation (for example). emissions 1. A phenomenological model that allows for estimation of the geopolymer blocks compressive strength according to the initial mix design is presented. An integrated, agile team that exceeds expectations. The several types of pozzolanic by-products and the fresh and hardened concrete properties, as well as their durability, are reviewed. Level 2 refers to agriculture integration, which means that feedstocks, including agricultural waste, are supplied in the biorefinery system at the business level that is involving low costs, while biofuels, bioelectricity and biochemicals from biorefinery are sent to the agricultural sector. Students’ everyday use of this term can often cause confusion for students when learning to use the correct scientific term. controller that operates the machine efficiently. Ecosystems exist and operate by virtue of a flow of energy through the components of the system and thermodynamics (the movement of energy) forms the very basis of the biosphere organizing principles introduced in Chapter 2. Because the consequences of changes in transfer efficiency compound through ecosystems, slight variations can have large effects on food availability for top predators. He has over 30 years of experience in the power electronics industry and has also worked with International Rectifier, Kollmorgen Industrial Drives, and Dublin City University. in factory production systems is gaining widespread acceptance worldwide. The factors that influence heat transfer in single-leaf walls, namely, the geometry of the block (internal voids and vertical joint), the execution of the wall (horizontal joint) and the thermal conductivity of clay are discussed. However, the AIM can be started when connected Different end-of-life scenarios for one and the same product, relative to a certain starting point (the origin in the figure) can be displayed as vectors. mode. Source: Reproduced with the permission of IEA Bioenergy Task Leader, Dr. Ed de Jong. The durability of the clay-based fired masonry bricks is also covered. Percentage efficiency of energy transfer Calculating the efficiency of energy transfers. Paulo Peças, ... Inês Ribeiro, in Advanced Applications in Manufacturing Enginering, 2019. drive and current feedback delivers smooth dynamic torque control. of the system model. Chapter 3 addresses production aspects of biopolymers and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials. The concept of eco-efficiency—defined as “creating more value with less impact”—has been developed by The World Business Council to weigh and compare products and technologies in both aspects: environmental pressure and economic significance (WBCSD, 2000). Figure 1. A wide variety of engineering tools are needed to support motor drive and automation system designs. Infrared spectra and microstructure analysis are included. Energy Pyramids . The levels are the points of entry into the field of sustainability. (C) At the species population scale, maturation, reproduction, and survival of individual life cycles influence transfer efficiency. “Electrical Power Vision 2040.” EUREL General Secretariat, February 2013.