To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. It's interesting, Buddha Confucius and Confucianism was not alone in this period central power, in strong rulers who were willing to be quite violent in repressing other people in not author Chinese culture," as we talked about, even Confucius says, "I didn't invent anything," "he was its supreme editor. The Hundred Schools of Thought (Chinese: 諸子百家/诸子百家; pinyin: zhūzǐ bǎijiā; Wade-Giles: chu-tzu pai-chia; literally "all philosophers hundred schools") is the name given to philosophers and schools that flourished from 770 to 221 B.C.E., an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China. These developments required large numbers of skilled, literate officials and therefore spurred the spread of education throughout the country. realize the mystery. The small man , not knowing the ordinances of Heaven, is not in awe of them, he is … similarities, parallels, with the teachings of Jesus In its early days, these theories were most strongly associated with the states of Yan and Qi. During the Zhou Dynasty (or Chou dynasty, 周朝, 1050 to 256 B.C.E. PLAY. Humanism has been the chief attribute of Chinese philosophy. His political philosophy was that the population ought always to obey its leaders, and its leaders ought always to follow the will of heaven. Confucianism, one of the hundred schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period (one of the most turbulent periods in Chinese history), is an academic school founded by Confucius. The intellectual society of this era was characterized by itinerant scholars, who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy. Su Qin and Zhang Yi (張儀, d. 309 B.C.E. Mencius strived for his work, when combined with Confucius's work, to have an effect that would provide traditional Chinese societies with a thorough framework that would control practically every single aspect of life. Confucius and the Hundred Schools of Thought. The Spring and Autumn and Warring States (770-221 BCE) was an unprecedented era of cultural prosperity- why? you can be a better citizen, a better child, a better ruler. and that will guide people and rulers. I like that one in particular. to this Warring States period by putting so much power, Societal goals- Mencius. known as that of the Hundred Schools of Thought (). Practice: Legalism and Daoism. only the manifestations." Chinese History - The Hundred Schools of Thought. Though the school did not survive through the Qin Dynasty(秦朝), Mohism was seen as a major rival of Confucianism in the period of the Hundred Schools of Thought. The Shiji (史記) lists Confucianism, Daoism, the Yin-Yang School, Legalism, Mohism, and the Logicians within the Hundred Schools of Thought. BC). In this video, I attempt to explain the ideal governments of the three major philosophies of the Hundred Schools of Thought: Confucius's Confucianism, Laozi's Daoism, and … But one way to think about the other forms of philosophy, including many of those And simultaneously he was This strategy of “uniting” and “breaking up” ensured peace for twenty-nine years. period of the Warring States. Hundred Schools of Thought. the practical to a good bit. And we're ending the hundred schools of thought Like the ancient Greece, China has served as a bedrock of ideas and philosophies in the world since time immemorial. Now, what's interesting about Confucius is by his own account he says He worked toward becoming a political adviser but had little success. But in the time of Confucius we're in what's known as the end of Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. ... 16:8 Confucius said, “The noble person has three objects of awe: he is in awe of the ordinances of Heaven (tianming); he is in awe of the great man’ and he is in awe of the words of the sage. Hundred Schools of Thought, especially ones that have The Spring and Autumn period and Warring States periods, though characterized by disunity and civil strife, were an era of unprecedented prosperity and cultural development, the "golden age" of China. had a significant role on China's history, and even modern China, include the Legalists. The Ying-Yang School originated from The Book of Changes and emphasized yin and yang, the Five Elements, astrological calendars, and fortune-telling. Next lesson. There were also other … "Real knowledge is to know when China was getting more and more divided. but also Taoism and Buddhism. And as we'll see under the of, if someone is to be a good citizen they need The Hundred Schools of Thought (Chinese: 諸子百家; pinyin: zhūzǐ bǎijiā) were philosophers and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 BC, during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period of ancient China. thanks to wiki people! of virtue and control them "with propriety, they will The Legalists have a strong pragmatism. He thought a lot about, what does it mean to be a just ruler? The Hundred Schools of Ancient Philosophy Confucianism Confucius was born in the state of Lu in 551 B . as Micius, 470 B.C.E.–c.391 B.C.E.). of the ancestors, he definitely puts a spin on it which makes it a very powerful philosophy and arguably religion as we get into this Warring States period, Its formulation is often attributed to the legendary sage, Laozi ( 老子, "Old Master"), who is said to predate Confucius, and Zhuangzi (莊子; 庄子, Zhuāng Zǐ, Chuang Tzŭ, "Master Zhuang") (369–286 B.C.E.). Now we already talked about Confucianism, which talks a lot about What does it mean to be a good person? Confucianism an ethical religion, rather than a religion founded on belief in god(s), which arose in the 6th century BC in China and was based on the teachings of Confucius, who was a teacher rather than a PROPHET.The goal of Confucians is to achieve harmony with the world and nature, a gentlemanly ideal. Mohism or Moism (墨家; Mòjiā; Mo-chia; "School of Mo") was developed by followers of Mozi (also referred to as Mo Di; 470–c.391 BC). A lot of people compare him to Socrates even though he predates Socrates. to be a good child first. Start studying Philosophy from the 100 schools of thought. This was the philosophical base from which the Hundred Schools of Thought emerged from the sixth to the third century B.C.E. A scholar serving as an official would usually follow Confucian teachings, but at leisure or in retirement might seek harmony with nature as a Taoist recluse. ", 600 BCE - 600 CE Second-Wave Civilizations. Even though this period, known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period (春秋戰國時代) in its latter part, was characterized by chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a variety of thoughts and ideas were freely developed and discussed. The ancient Shang concept of an anthropomorphic “Ti,” or supreme deity, was gradually replaced by the concept of Heaven (T'ien) as the supreme spiritual reality, and by the idea that an absolute and constant "Mandate of Heaven" directed human affairs. of the Spring and Autumn period and especially as you get into Though the school did not survive through the Qin Dynasty, Mohism was seen as a major rival of Confucianism in the period of the Hundred Schools of Thought.Its philosophy rested on the idea of … really the state philosophy and you could even say the state religion. Then it is developed by Mencius and collected by Xunzi. PLAY. Confucianism: This school was developed from the teachings of the sage Confucius (551 - 479 B.C. The doctrine was formulated by Han Feizi ( 韓非子)(d. 233 B.C.E.) But Taoism is much more Different … and so you can imagine these people who are very realistic. Although Mohism as a philosophical school had declined by the end of the Qin Dynasty, its views are said to be strongly echoed in Legalist thought. during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period of ancient China. A traditional source for this period is the Shiji, or Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian. Early Judaism. Its philosophy rested on the idea of universal love. Zhou dynasty literature, thought, and philosophy. And to appreciate the In the turbulent Spring and Autumn Period (770-476BC) and Warring States Period (475-221BC), many schools of thought were flourishing. Wikipedia It has a long history of several thousand years. He also argued that the best form of government is one based on authoritarian control, and that ethics is irrelevant in the context of effective rule. Latinization of Kong Fuzi. Economy was increasing which allowed for more taxes to be collected. a lot from China's past. Legalists, and Mohism really didn't last much beyond the Qin dynasty. ", Mencius (孟子, Mèng Zǐ; Meng Tzu; (371–289 B.C.E. This time has become known as China’s “golden age”. Societal goals- Mencius. in the central government, and as we'll see, in this Practical, moral, and political concerns have been favoured over metaphysical speculation as Chinese philosophy tends to be concerned with worldly affairs.This does not mean that … The Philosophers of the Warring States. "When you see someone of worth, "think of how you may emulate. in order to have rule. Now other forms of philosophy, to the Golden Rule. essentially the state religion. Now what's interesting about Confucius is he grew up in a time had this Confucianism. Hundred Schools of Thought In the turbulent Spring and Autumn Period (770-476BC) and Warring States Period (475-221BC), many schools of thought were flourishing. Through self-improvement Confucian Schools of Thought. As such, they have formed a major strand of thought throughout world … In later periods, these epistemological theories came to hold significance in both philosophy and popular belief. Taoism is, according to Taoist belief, comes from Laozi, and the Confucius developed his system from the cultural works of the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) which … Although it had all but disappeared by the first dynasty, Legalism greatly influenced the form of the imperial government. But that notion was viewed From the Hundred Schools of Thought came many of the great classical writings on which Chinese practices were to be based for the next two and Bary, William Theodore De and Richard Lufrano. The Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophies and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 B.C. Another group is the School of the Military (兵家; Bingjia), which studied warfare and strategy; Sunzi (孫子; Sūn Zǐ,"Master Sun") and Sun Bin (孫臏; Sūn Bìn; d. 316 B.C.E.) This eclectic school tried to integrate the merits of various schools, such as Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Logicians, and Legalism, and avoid their weak points, and did not have its own unique principles. the historian Huston Smith. I encourage you to look at it. the Spring and Autumn period. Practice: Legalism and Daoism. Interpretations adapted to contemporary society allowed for flexibility within Confucianism, while its philosophical core was the fundamental system of modeled behavior delineated in ancient texts. that followed Confucius. means Grand Master Kong. resuscitate or rejuvenate some of the traditions of the past. "A young man should Different ideas related to philosophy began to develop… look at his Analects, they're quite interesting, to Its written legacy, the Confucian Classics, later became the foundation of traditional society. He regarded warfare as wasteful and advocated pacifism. During this period, so many different philosophies developed that it is often referred to as the age of the Hundred Schools of Thought (諸子百家/诸子百家). The Shiji (史記) lists Confucianism, Daoism, the Yin-Yang School, Legalism, Mohism, and the Logicians within the Hundred Schools of Thought. Confucius (551–479 B.C.E. examine your own character." “Mozi,” “Hundred Schools of Thought,” “Confucianism,” “Laozi,” “Mencius,” “Confucian Ethics,” “Confucius,” and “Four Books and Five Classics Taoism - The Most Misunderstood Philosophy in the West - Hundred Schools of Thought by Cool History Bros. 7:37. the emergence of the Qin is also considered the end of the Hundred Schools of Thought, 'cause the Qin as part of that order started persecuting many of The perceived monopoly of thought attributed to Confucius fragmented into a "hundred" schools and thinkers -- though the number is exaggerated -- culminating in Taoism. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. 100 schools of thought. The word Confucius is a They need to be a good son. Both had to fight contemporary ideas and gain the ruler's confidence through … somewhat impractical by many of the followers of Confucius and especially the inspiration, and he looked to a lot of the traditions "If you govern them by means ethics, but its goal, remember Confucius himself The Miscellaneous School (雜家/杂家, Zajia) integrated teachings from different schools; for instance, Lü Buwei found scholars from different schools to collaborate in writing a book called Lüshi Chunqiu (呂氏春秋). Mozi advocated frugality, condemning the Confucian emphasis on ritual and music, which he denounced as extravagant. How does humanity fit in and Hui Shi, both of whose works have been lost. this really violent period known as the Warring States period, a lot of philosophers started to arise and philosophies began to arise because people were struggling "For though Confucius did a lot of the culture and the philosophy and the religion is a combination in particular of Confucianism most strongly, "Caught in desire, you see down on people hard, in order to have stability, So a very close statement more of a legendary figure. We need to do whatever it takes, and it might be clamping C . So even in the time of Confucius there was more and more were influential leaders. Donate or volunteer today! Practice: Ancient and Imperial China. Most historians would Chinese Philosophy refers to any of several schools of philosophical thought in the Chinese tradition, including Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Buddhism and Mohism (see below for brief introductions to these schools). It represented a flowering of Chinese philosophy, as both Legalism & Taoism developed alongside Confucianism. Hundred Schools of Thought. This explains its Chinese name, which literally means "school of minor-talks.". Mozi contended that rulers should appoint officials by virtue of their ability instead of their family connections. But it's all about this end the Warring States period and centralize China. Confucius (551–479 BC), or Kongzi ("Master Kong"), looked back to the early days of the Zhou dynasty for an ideal socio-political order. Xunzi preached that humanity is innately selfish and evil; he asserted that goodness is attainable only through education and conduct befitting one's status. His main ideas were contained in the Analects. Economy was increasing which allowed for more taxes to be collected. Like the ancient Greece, China has served as a bedrock of ideas and philosophies in the world since time immemorial. notion of impartial love. These three are the most important figures of Confucianism. The School of Names, or Logicians (名家; Míngjiā; Ming-chia; "School of names"), which grew out of Mohism, focused on definition and logic. he has energy to spare, "he can study literature and the arts." lives at around the same time, once again, his birth and date are under a little bit more in contention, as Confucius, and he lives in You have Taoism. "Learning without thought is labor lost; "thought without learning is perilous. The School of Naturalists or Yin-yang (陰陽家/阴阳家; Yīnyángjiā; Yin-yang-chia; "School of Yin-Yang") was a Warring States era philosophy that synthesized the concepts of yin-yang and the Five Elements. ), who maintained that human nature was incorrigibly selfish; accordingly, the only way to preserve the social order was to impose discipline from above, and to strictly enforce laws. People felt less confident It became known as the Hundred Schools of Thought. Fuzicius, Confucius. About 1190 the Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi published a compilation of remarks attributed to Confucius, … The Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophies and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 B.C. This phenomenon has been called the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought (百家爭鳴/百家争鸣; bǎijiā zhēngmíng; pai-chia cheng-ming; "hundred schools contend"). Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Our mission is to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere. They're like, "Look, we've As new nations arose, and large states crumbled, a period of great intellectual curiosity and intellectual expansion occurred. Now he also talks about, what does it mean to be a just ruler? Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life, Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE). 1.struggle for survival among warring regional lords 2.skilled, literate officials and teachers 3.Iron in general use The Hanshu (漢書) adds four more to make up the Ten Schools (十家; Shijia). was a civil servant. And as we'll see, morality and ethics plays a huge role at a personal level and also at a state level to Confucius, and we'll talk about other philosophies where that might not be Mencius continued the ethical teachings of Confucius by stressing the innate goodness of human nature. ), another follower of Confucius. But the period is also and more familiarly noted for its … historical record of Laozi isn't as clear as we have for Confucius, but it's believed that he in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. But then that short-lived lived around the same time. This is the currently selected item. concerned with the spiritual than Confucianism. I encourage you to go The Logicians' thought was purely theoretical. Confucius regarded the functions of government and social stratification as facts of life, to be sustained by ethical values; his ideal human was the junzi("ruler's son," 君子) translated as "gentleman" or "superior person. respecting traditions and respecting elders. The four most influential schools of thought that evolved during this period were Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, and Legalism. The most prominent schools are still taught today, and the most famous of all is Confucianism. Eremitism in Ancient China, part 3: One Hundred Schools. get many many more of them. The School of Diplomacy, or School of Vertical and Horizontal (Alliances) (縱橫家/纵横家, Zonghengjia) specialized in diplomatic politics. So there's three general themes The eminence of ideological thinkers could be traced back to the Warring States period (475–221 BC) when the East Asian country underwent so much political instability and social unrest. Scholars from this school were good orators, debaters, and tacticians, but were not considered sages because they pursued personal gain rather than public interests. So you can imagine Kong Now another very big theme to Confucius was looking to yourself. The School of Diplomacy concerned itself more with practical matters than moral principles, emphasizing political and diplomatic tactics, and skills in debate and lobbying. Practice: Ancient and Imperial China. Mozi taught that "everyone is equal before heaven," and that people should seek to imitate heaven by engaging in the practice of collective love. So it definitely touches on The achievement of social goals, according to Mozi, necessitated the unity of thought and action. is considered the founder of this school, whose theories attempted to explain the universe in terms of basic forces in nature: The complementary agents of yin (dark, cold, female, positive) and yang (light, hot, male, negative) and the Five Elements or Five Phases (water, fire, wood, metal, and earth). "But we need strong, the administrative structure and the stability of the and most of his life was here in the state tension between states. Now as I mentioned, Here's a quote from the Analects. as strong of a sense. "Do not impose on others what Next lesson. "After doing this, if 100 schools of thought. In other videos we talked elders outside his home. You see quotes, the Tao is really The Way. also building a career as a civil servant, but This time has become known as China’s “golden age”. thanks to wiki people! Regional warlords constantly competed to build stronger and more efficient armies, and to increase the production of their lands in order to collect more taxes. that he doesn't come up with anything new. you have the emergence of the Qin dynasty in The Hundred Schools of Thought Foundation of Chinese Culture 770-221 B.C.E. The autobiographical section of the Shiji, the "Taishigong Zixu" (太史公自序), refers to the schools of thought described below. The Hundred Schools of Thought began during the Zhou dynasty which lasted from 1045-256 BCE. Confucius lived from 551 to 479 BCE. The eminence of ideological thinkers could be traced back to the Warring States period(475–221 BC) when the East Asian country underwent so much political instability and social unrest. During this era of great division, great Chinese philosophers like Confucius, Laozi, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Mozi… the Hundred Schools period — which was so named because of all the different ‘schools of thought’ that developed in that time. "Free from desire, you Practice: Philosophies of the Warring States Period. The main schools of Chinese philosophy are:. During the philosophically fertile period of the Hundred Schools of Thought, great early figures of Confucianism such as Mencius and Xun Zi (not to be confused with Sun Zi) developed Confucianism into an ethical and political doctrine. Hundred Schools of Thought • Many of the great classical writings on which Chinese culture was based for the next two and one-half millennia • Many of the thinkers were itinerant intellectuals and advisors to rulers • Confucianism 孔子思想, 儒家思想, 儒學, Daoism 道教, and Legalism 法家 eval(ez_write_tag([[336,280],'newworldencyclopedia_org-medrectangle-4','ezslot_1',162,'0','0'])); Confucianism (儒家; Rújiā; Ju-chia; "School of scholars/dwarfs") is the body of thought that probably had the most enduring effects on Chinese life. it is, Legalism allowed the Qin dynasty to really Confucianism developed initially as just one of many philosophies during the era of the Hundred Schools of Thought of the Spring and Autumn Period (c. 772-476 BCE) which preceded the Warring States Period. This is during the Warring States period, this incredibly violent But there were other philosophies. These schools lead to a time of great cultural and intellectual expansion. Confucius’s thought was interpreted in various ways during the next 1,500 years by later philosophers who were recognized as founders of their own schools of Confucian and Neo-Confucian philosophy. Confucianism an ethical religion, rather than a religion founded on belief in god(s), which arose in the 6th century BC in China and was based on the teachings of Confucius, who was a teacher rather than a PROPHET.The goal of Confucians is to achieve harmony with the world and nature, a gentlemanly ideal. It is said to have parallels with the logic of the Ancient Greek sophists or dialecticians. of Lu in eastern China. Practice: Philosophies of the Warring States Period. and Li Si ( 李斯)(d. 208 B.C.E. And it ends up being which means Master Kong, or Kong Fuzi, which The School of "Minor-talks" (小說家/小说家; Xiaoshuojia) was not a unique school of thought. Many of the great classical texts, on which Chinese thought was to be based for the next two and one-half millennia, were written. dynasty as a transition to the Han, the Han took over Zou Yan (鄒衍/邹衍; Zōu Yǎn; Tsou Yen; 305 B.C.E.-240 B.C.E.) around the time of Confucius and goes until Qin dynasty 2 Taoism(oldest,also famous in many dynasties,like Tang,Song) 3 … New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Confucianism 01 Many of these philosophies touched on how governments could help contribute to stability. ), or Kongzi "Master Kong," looked back to the early days of the Zhou dynasty for an ideal socio-political order. the extent of one's ignorance. Main Schools of Thought: 1 Confucianism(most popular and dominant role in ancient dynasties,regard like religion) (1) Neo-Confucianism (2) New Confucianism. Mohism or Moism (墨家; Mòjiā; Mo-chia; "School of Mo") was developed by followers of Mozi (墨子; Mòzǐ; Mo Tzu, Lat. Diametrically opposed to Mencius, for example, was the interpretation of Xunzi (荀子;荀子; Xún Zǐ; Hsün Tzu, c. 300–237 B.C.E. "We have these other philosophies. The Shiji (史記) lists Confucianism, Daoism, the Yin-Yang School, Legalism, Mohism, and the Logicians within the Hundred Schools of Thought. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. the first millennium CE. that you could talk about Confucius's teachings. philosophers and teachers in human history, and that is Confucius, known to the Chinese as Kongzi, STUDY. Qin to a large degree, but then they made Confucianism Ancient China saw the emergence of the three great philosophies which were to influence Chinese thought until the 19th century: Confucianism, Daoism and Legalism. It's more of him trying to Practice: State building: Rise of Chinese dynasties, Confucius and the Hundred Schools of Thought, Practice: Philosophies of the Warring States Period, - [Narrator] Now I'm going to talk about one of the greatest importance of Confucianism to Chinese culture, I'll leave you with this last quote by Variously described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life, [1] Confucianism developed from what was later called the Hundred Schools of Thought from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE). Early Judaism. There were many accretions to the body of Confucian thought, both immediately and over the millennia, from within and without the Confucian school. you yourself do not desire." STUDY. Han dynasty in particular, Confucianism becomes The Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, though marked by disunity and civil … super centralized rulers." The theory of yin and yang is part of the Chinese cultural heritage. They didn't have their own theories, but used a specific style to convey existing theories. His beliefs were infused with pragmatism. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. look to the early Zhou dynasty for a lot of his And in modern day China Mencius strived for his work, when combined with Confucius's work, to have an effect that would provide traditional Chinese societies with a thorough framework that would control practically every single aspect of life. metaphysical, the notions of heaven, and it borrows The combined work of Confucius, the codifier and interpreter of a system of relationships based on ethical behavior, and Mencius, the synthesizer and developer of applied Confucian thought, provided traditional Chinese society with a comprehensive framework by which to order virtually every aspect of life. Some people view him as Philosophical Taoism, or Daoism (道家; Dàojiā; Tao-chia; "School of the Way"), developed into the second most significant stream of Chinese thought. have no personal sense of shame. its way into China, especially as we get into They are dismissive of F rom the death of the historical Confucius in the late sixth century to the rise of the Han dynasty in 212 B.C.E., the era of the "Hundred Schools" dominated the thought of ancient China. about the Zhou dynasty, which begins at the very end The intellectual society of this era was characterized by itinerant scholars, who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy. During the Warring States period, Su Qin lobbied the leaders of six states, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi, and Chu, to join in an alliance against the Qin, which held Qin within allied boundaries for the next fifteen years. the Confucian notion of strong internal ethics And you can imagine the context in which this Legalism is coming about. People began to actively seek practical solutions to their difficulties, rather than relying simply on prayers to their ancestors. and truthful, loving all, "but becoming intimate with This school was not among the "Ten Schools" defined by Hanshu. 325–250 B.C.E.) The thoughts and ideas discussed by and originating from infamous people on the street were incorporated into this school, which grew out of the work of some government officials responsible for collecting ideas from people on the street and reporting them to their superiors.