[, Vermiglio F, Lo Presti VP, Moleti M, Sidoti M, Tortorella G, Scaffidi G, Castagna MG, Mattina F, Violi MA, Crisà A, Artemisia A, Trimarchi F. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: a possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries. FDA does not require food labels to list iodine content unless iodine has been added to the food. [, Pearce EN. Dr. Edward F. Group – The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid hormones and iodine is an essential trace mineral that is crucial for the thyroid to function properly. School-age children in iodine-deficient areas show poorer school performance, lower IQs, and a higher incidence of learning disabilities than matched groups from iodine-sufficient areas. Don’t let it affect you! Of 59 best-selling prenatal multivitamin supplements on the market in 2016–2017, only 34 contained iodine [22]. Fibrocystic breast disease is a benign condition characterized by lumpy, painful breasts and palpable fibrosis. For example, Fluorine and Chlorine are gases. Hydrolysis of the resulting acetyl iodide regenerates hydroiodic acid and gives acetic acid. What do we know about iodine supplementation in pregnancy? The brine is hotter than 60 °C from the depth of the source. 2007 Dec;10(12A):1571-1580. These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a'). Hess SY. Iodine is a non-metallic chemical element with the symbol I, and atomic number 53. 2010 Feb;24(1):117-132. To ensure that adequate amounts of iodine are available for proper fetal and infant development, several national and international groups recommend iodine supplementation during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood. The use of iodized salt is the most widely used strategy to control iodine deficiency. [, Melse-Boonstra A, Jaiswal N. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy, infancy and childhood and its consequences for brain development. Salt iodization programs, which many countries have implemented, have dramatically reduced the prevalence of iodine deficiency worldwide [2,3]. Nutrition. Iodine deficiency in children and adolescents is often associated with goiter. Cooper LF, Barber EM, Mitchell HS. Considerable variations in levels of iodine between single foodstuffs within food groups were found, which also applied for levels in different food groups. It's available in the U.S. as an FDA-approved treatment and a supplement. In some regions of the world, iodine-deficient soils are common, increasing the risk of iodine deficiency among people who consume foods primarily from those areas. *DV = Daily Value. For most people, including most of the U.S. population, who have adequate iodine intakes and eat a variety of foods, the consumption of reasonable amounts of foods containing goitrogens is not a concern. It is therefore a commonly used wavelength reference (secondary standard). However, new studies suggest that Japan's consumption is closer to 1,000–3,000 μg/day. Some research suggests that mild iodine deficiency is associated with subtle neurodevelopmental deficits and that iodine supplementation might improve cognitive function in mildly iodine-deficient children [51]. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. WHO recommendations for these countries also include breastfeeding through 24 months of age, combined with complementary foods fortified with iodine for children between the ages of 7–24 months [7]. Suboptimal iodine status during pregnancy has also been observed in Australia [38]. Iodine and starch form a blue complex, and this reaction is often used to test for either starch or iodine and as an indicator in iodometry. This solution is then reacted with freshly extracted iodate, resulting in comproportionation to iodine, which may be filtered off. Iodine nutrition: iodine content of iodized salt in the United States. Public Health Nutr. Two randomized clinical trials had a similar study design in which iodine was provided from early pregnancy to delivery (150 or 200 mcg/day iodine as potassium iodide) and assessed child cognition using the same tool at ages 1.5 or 2 years [59,60]. It penetrates into microorganisms and attacks particular amino acids (such as cysteine and methionine), nucleotides, and fatty acids, ultimately resulting in cell death. For women living in countries with weak, sporadic, or uneven iodized salt distribution, the WHO recommends iodine supplementation for all women of childbearing age to achieve a total iodine intake of 150 mcg/day. The federal government's 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Nutritional needs should be met primarily from foods. Effect of iodine supplementation in pregnant women on child neurodevelopment: A randoised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Our support group for Iodine has 27 questions and 40 members. In this study, researchers randomly assigned 111 women (18–50 years of age) with fibrosis and a history of breast pain to receive tablets containing 0 mcg, 1,500 mcg, 3,000 mcg, or 6,000 mcg of iodine per day [75]. Iodine supplementation had no effect on child cognitive, language, or motor scores [61]. UCSF Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, single photon emission computed tomography, elements which occur in significant quantities, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, "Découverte d'une substance nouvelle dans le Vareck", "Bernard Courtois (1777–1838) famed for discovering iodine (1811), and his life in Paris from 1798", "Sur un nouvel acide formé avec la substance décourverte par M. Courtois", "Sur la combination de l'iode avec d'oxigène", Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek–English Lexicon, "Sur la nouvelle substance découverte par M. Courtois, dans le sel de Vareck", "Some Experiments and Observations on a New Substance Which Becomes a Violet Coloured Gas by Heat", https://e-reports-ext.llnl.gov/pdf/234761.pdf, Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, "Medical isotopes the likely cause of radiation in Ottawa waste", "Isotopic Tracers for Obtaining Hydrologic Parameters", "Investigating leaks in Dams & Reservoirs", "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der flüchtigen organischen Basen", "Ueber eine neue Klasse organischer Radicale", "Sur quelques nouvelles combinaisons organométaliques du magnésium et leur application à des synthèses d'alcools et d'hydrocabures", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Bond dissociation energies of organic molecules", "Dess–Martin periodinane: 1,1,1-Triacetoxy-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1, "On the Economic Applications of Seaweed", "Chemical and isotopic compositions of brines from dissolved-in-water type natural gas fields in Chiba, Japan", "Precise measurements of hyperfine components in the spectrum of molecular iodine", "Disinfection, sterilization and operation theater guidelines for dermatosurgical practitioners in India", "Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance", https://web.archive.org/web/20090617073253/http://www.eanm.org/scientific_info/guidelines/gl_radio_ther_benzyl.pdf, "Chapter 4: Physical Determinants of Contrast", "Arguments et retour d'expérience sur la distribution d'iode stable autour des centrales nucléaires françaises", "Spatial Distribution of an Uranium-Respiring Betaproteobacterium at the Rifle, CO Field Research Site", "Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations", "Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Recommended Intakes for Individuals, Vitamins", "Iodine status of the U.S. population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2006 and 2007–2008", "History of U.S. iodine fortification and supplementation", "Assessment of Japanese iodine intake based on seaweed consumption in Japan: A literature-based analysis", http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-10900000-Kenkoukyoku/Overview.pdf, "Micronutrient deficiency: iodine deficiency disorders", "Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study", "Lecture 29: Protein Structure and Denaturation", "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Iodine", Iodine Allergy and Contrast Administration, "PART 1310 - Section 1310.02 Substances covered", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iodine&oldid=991103933, Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 November 2020, at 08:05. Without a formal iodine-fortification policy, iodine intake is dependent on an individual’s food choice leaving certain sub-groups vulnerable to iodine deficiency. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). Long-term intakes above the UL increase the risk of adverse health effects. As an element with high electron density and atomic number, iodine absorbs X-rays weaker than 33.3 keV due to the photoelectric effect of the innermost electrons. [, Zimmermann MB. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient, but foods providing lower percentages of the DV also contribute to a healthful diet. Pregnant women Patients with various food allergies (shellfish, egg, milk, etc.) Pearce EN, Leung AM, Blount BC, Bazrafshan HR, He X, Pino S, Valentin-Blasini L, Braverman LE. Potassium iodide was widely used in Poland following the 1986 Chernobyl accident and childhood thyroid cancer rates did not increase substantially in subsequent years [79]. The iodine-replete healthy adult has about 15–20 mg of iodine, 70%–80% of which is contained in the thyroid [6]. The Swiss Iodized Salt Program Provides Adequate Iodine for School Children and Pregnant Women, but Weaning Infants Not Receiving Iodine-Containing Complementary Foods as well as Their Mothers Are Iodine Deficient. [, Santiago-Fernandez P, Torres-Barahona R, Muela-Martínez JA, Rojo-Martínez G, García-Fuentes E, Garriga MJ, León AG, Soriguer F. Intelligence quotient and iodine intake: a cross-sectional study in children. Although the results of these studies are promising, more research is needed to clarify iodine’s role in fibrocystic breast disease. 2017 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Why do people take iodine? [. Plant-based beverages used as milk substitutes, such as soy and almond beverages, contain relatively small amounts of iodine. The brine is first purified and acidified using sulfuric acid, then the iodide present is oxidised to iodine with chlorine. [90], Recommendations by the United States Institute of Medicine are between 110 and 130 µg for infants up to 12 months, 90 µg for children up to eight years, 130 µg for children up to 13 years, 150 µg for adults, 220 µg for pregnant women and 290 µg for lactation. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.1 ppm (1 mg/m3) during an 8-hour workday. Pregnant women who do not consume dairy products may be particularly at risk of iodine insufficiency. The iodine amounts in different seaweed species also vary greatly. Historically, iodine deficiency was endemic in mountainous regions of the United States and Mexico, and in the so called “goiter belt” around the Great Lakes [45]. Association of maternal iodine status with child IQ: A meta-analysis of individual participant data. [, Abel MH, Brandlistuen RE, Caspersen IH, Aase H, Torheim LE, Meltzer HM, Brantsaeter AL. Most fruits and vegetables are poor sources of iodine, and the amounts they contain are affected by the iodine content of the soil, fertilizer use, and irrigation practices [2,10]. 2008 Nov;18(6):571-580. Thyroid. Iodine status of pregnant women and women of reproductive age in the United States. Iodide is quickly and almost completely absorbed in the stomach and duodenum. Urinary iodine reflects dietary iodine intake directly because people excrete more than 90% of dietary iodine in the urine [4]. ACE inhibitors, such as benazepril (Lotensin®), lisinopril (Prinivil® and Zestril®), and fosinopril (Monopril®), are used primarily to treat high blood pressure. Results from a 2010 study however, raise some questions as to the safety of widespread iodine supplementation in areas of relative iodine sufficiency. Most people get iodine from fish, seafood, dairy products, iodized salt and red food dye #3, according to Entrust Medical Group. In the pilot episode of Breaking Bad, a container of iodine is visible when Walter White first synthesizes methamphetamine through the Nagai route, by using red phosphorus and iodine to reduce pseudoephedrine. Individuals taking these medications on a regular basis should discuss their iodine intakes with their healthcare providers. The researchers also reported a dose-dependent reduction in self-assessed pain. These are known as methyl ketones. Analyses of NHANES datasets from 2003 to 2014 indicate that a substantial portion of pregnant women in the United States are iodine insufficient. When iodide enters the circulation, the thyroid gland concentrates it in appropriate amounts for thyroid hormone synthesis and most of the remaining amount is excreted in the urine [2]. Sufficient iodine intake after birth is also important for proper physical and neurological growth and maturation. Historically, iodine deficiency was endemic in mountainous regions of the United States and Mexico, and in the so called “goiter belt” around the Great Lakes . Am J Clin Nutr. And most of those people are deficient in iodine? [, König F, Andersson M, Hotz K, Aeberli I, Zimmermann MB. Human abundance by weight: 200 ppb by weight; In nature, iodine exists as iodide ions, I-, and it is as iodide that it is taken into our bodies.Iodine is an essential component of the human diet and in fact appears to be the heaviest required element in the diet. Iodine in food and iodized salt is present in several chemical forms including sodium and potassium salts, inorganic iodine (I2), iodate, and iodide, the reduced form of iodine [4]. In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is between 14:1 and 20:1. Anti-thyroid medications, such as methimazole (Tapazole®), are used to treat hyperthyroidism. This application is often in conjunction with advanced X-ray techniques such as angiography and CT scanning. [99] In Japan, consumption was considered much higher, ranging between 5,280 μg/day to 13,800 μg/day from dietary seaweed or kombu kelp,[90] often in the form of Kombu Umami extracts for soup stock and potato chips. Nutrients 2017;9:1354. Similarly, the WHO recommends 250 mcg/day during pregnancy and lactation [3]. [, Levie D, Korevaar TIM, Bath SC, Murcia M, Dineva M, Llop S, Espada M, van Herwaarden AE, de Rijke YB, Ibarluzea JM, Sunyer J, Tiemeier H, Rayman MP, Guxens M, Peeters RP. (c) melting point increases Melting point of iodine is 114°C, melting point of astatine will be higher than this. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of iodine supplementation on thyroid function and child neurodevelopment in mildly-to-moderately iodine-deficient pregnant women. Seaweed (such as kelp, nori, kombu, and wakame) is one of the best food sources of iodine [5]. The halogens (/ ˈ h æ l ə dʒ ə n, ˈ h eɪ-,-l oʊ-,-ˌ dʒ ɛ n /) are a group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). Solutions with high elemental iodine concentration, such as tincture of iodine and Lugol's solution, are capable of causing tissue damage if used in prolonged cleaning or antisepsis; similarly, liquid Povidone-iodine (Betadine) trapped against the skin resulted in chemical burns in some reported cases. Production of T4 increases by approximately 50% during pregnancy [52], requiring a concomitant increase in maternal iodine intake. For a reader-friendly overview of Iodine, see our consumer fact sheet on Iodine. In these technologies, which support the world's demand for acetic acid, hydroiodic acid converts the methanol feedstock into methyl iodide, which undergoes carbonylation. 1998 Oct;83(10):3401-3408. Br J Nutr. J Am Diet Assoc. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation. Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects on growth and development, and is the most common cause of preventable intellectual disability in the world [40]. To accommodate increased iodine needs during pregnancy and lactation, the iodine RDA is 220 mcg/day for pregnant women and 290 mcg/day for lactating women [2]. Use of iodine-containing dietary supplements remains low among women of reproductive age in the United States: NHANES 2011-2014. about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. The United States, Canada, and dozens of other countries have salt-iodization programs [3,16,17]. The typical adult dose is one 130 mg tablet per 24 hours, supplying 100 mg (100,000 micrograms) of ionic iodine. Radiation-induced thyroid cancer August 13, 2020. Thyroid. 2008 Jun;13(2):116-127. [, Public Health Committee of the American Thyroid Association, Becker DV, Braverman LE, Delange F, Dunn JT, Franklyn JA, Hollowell JG, Lamm SH, Mitchell ML, Pearce E, Robbins J, Rovet JF. Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. RULES OF THIS PAGE: 1. 2010 Aug;140(8):1489-1494. USDA, FDA, and ODS-NIH Database for the Iodine Content of Common Foods Release 1.0. Iodine: biological data. Dr. Edward Group Teas J, Pino S, Critchley A, Braverman LE. Am J Med 1993;94:524-532. [, Delange F. Iodine requirements during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period and indicators of optimal iodine nutrition. ; Brizel, H.E. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. [, Kessler JH. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy eating pattern as one that: This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. Some research suggests that iodine supplementation might be helpful for fibrocystic breast disease, although a specific mechanism of action has not been established [75] and data are limited. Iodine status of the U.S. population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Personal Communication. Development of databases on iodine in foods and dietary supplements. Mountainous areas (e.g., Himalayas, Alps, and Andes regions) and river valleys prone to flooding (especially in South and Southeast Asia) are among the most iodine-deficient regions in the world [5]. These issues are of concern primarily for people living in areas prone to iodine deficiency [6]. ¼ teaspoon), Pasta, enriched, boiled in water without iodized salt, 1 cup. Consumption of foods that contain goitrogens, substances that interfere with the uptake of iodine in the thyroid, can exacerbate iodine deficiency [2]. A few examples are provided below. [69] Sodium iodate is extracted from the caliche and reduced to iodide by sodium bisulfite. Environ Sci Technol. J Nutr 2011;141:2049-54. Thyroid Res 2015;8:8. ¼ teaspoon), Pasta, enriched, boiled in water with iodized salt, 1 cup, Fruit cocktail in light syrup, canned, ½ cup, Bread, whole-wheat, made without iodate dough conditioner, 1 slice, Bread, white, enriched, made without iodate dough conditioner, 1 slice, Sea salt, non-iodized, 1.5 g (approx. The earth’s soils contain varying amounts of iodine, which in turn affects the iodine content of crops. Urinary iodine measurements from NHANES have been used since 1971 to monitor the iodine status of the U.S. population [31]. At levels of 2 ppm, iodine is immediately dangerous to life and health. Since the inception of the NHANES monitoring program, urinary iodine measurements have shown that the general U.S. population is iodine sufficient. Infants who are exclusively breastfed depend on maternal iodine sufficiency for optimal development. Thyroid 2017;27:315-89. 2002 Jul;48(5):563-569. Public Health Nutr. Among lactating women, 75% took a dietary supplement, but only 19% of them took an iodine-containing product. [, Zimmermann MB. In infants and children, less severe iodine deficiency can also cause neurodevelopmental deficits such as somewhat lower-than-average intelligence as measured by IQ [1,41,42]. In this cross-sectional study, pregnant women living in Spain had a significantly increased risk of hyperthyrotropinemia (TSH >3 microU/mL) if they consumed iodine supplements in doses ≥200 mcg/day compared with those who consumed doses <100 mcg/day [68]. It is secreted by the pituitary gland to control thyroid hormone production and secretion, thereby protecting the body from hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism [1]. [85], The organoiodine compound erythrosine is an important food coloring agent. The UK Iodine Group: aiming to eradicate iodine deficiency in the UK The UK Iodine Group was formed in June 2012 with the aim of ensuring that iodine deficiency is eradicated in the UK. Nutritional elements in U.S. diets: results from the Total Diet Study, 1982 to 1986. Product labels will indicate if the salt is “iodized” or provides iodide. Many dietary supplements that contain iodine are listed in the Dietary Supplement Label Database from the National Institutes of Health [20]. 2007 Dec;10(12A):1532-1539; discussion 1540-1541. The use of erythrosine, an iodine-containing food dye commonly used in fruit-flavored breakfast cereals, also decreased during this time [33], though it is unclear to what extent this change actually affected urinary iodine levels because the bioavailability of iodine from erythrosine has been found to be low [34]. Such reactions have led to the misconception (widely held, even among physicians) that some people are allergic to iodine itself; even allergies to iodine-rich seafood have been so construed. [, Dasgupta PK, Liu Y, Dyke JV. Vegans and people who eat few or no dairy products, seafood, and eggs European Journal of Nutrition 2019;58:3047-58. Iodine supplements have the potential to interact with several types of medications. Iodine is a dark grey solid so astatine will be a darker grey solid, possibly black. During 2007–2008, NHANES participants aged 6 years and older had a median urinary iodine concentration of 164 mcg/L [35]. [, Azizi F, Smyth P. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant iodine nutrition. Iodine deficiency disorders result from inadequate thyroid hormone production secondary to insufficient iodine [5]. Iodine is an essential element for life and, at atomic number Z = 53, is the heaviest element commonly needed by living organisms. 2004 Oct;14(10):836-841. Chow A, Cai X, Hu S, and Wang X. Iodine deficiency–induced goiter in central New Jersey: a case series. [, Zhou SJ, Skeaff SA, Ruan P, Doyle LW, Anderson PJ, Komman L, et al. Harcup, J. W. and Saul, P. A. The World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) recommend a slightly higher iodine intake for pregnant women of 250 mcg per day [3,7]. An iodine solution is produced, but is dilute and must be concentrated. According to the WHO, a median urinary iodine concentration of 150–249 mcg/L indicates adequate iodine nutrition during pregnancy, while values less than 150 mcg/L are considered insufficient [3,7]. [118] For this reason, iodine was designated by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration as a List I precursor chemical under 21 CFR 1310.02.[119]. Iodine sufficiency during pregnancy is extremely important for proper fetal development. [, Murray CW, Egan SK, Kim H, Beru N, Bolger PM. A line is now resolved such that either 15 components, (from even rotational quantum numbers, Jeven), or 21 components (from odd rotational quantum numbers, Jodd) are measurable.[76]. If a person’s iodine intake falls below approximately 10–20 mcg/day, hypothyroidism occurs [1], a condition that is frequently accompanied by goiter. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism can also result from high iodine intakes, including when iodine is administered to treat iodine deficiency. The FNB has established iodine ULs for food and supplement intakes (Table 3). Ten repeat collections for urinary iodine from spot samples or 24-hour samples are needed to reliably estimate individual iodine status in women. For pregnant and lactating women in these countries, iodine intakes of 250 mcg/day from both supplements and dietary sources are recommended [3,7]. Pennington JAT, Schoen SA, Salmon GD, Young B, Johnson RD, Marts RW. For a population of school-aged children or non-pregnant adults to be iodine sufficient, median urinary iodine concentrations should be greater than 100 mcg/L and no more than 20% of the population should have values lower than 50 mcg/L [3]. Because many U.S. households use iodized salt, TDS data likely underestimate the true iodine intake of most U.S. residents. Iodine, Health, and More IodineHealthandMore@groups.io This is a health oriented group with emphasis on thyroid and other endocrine system health factors. Fibrocystic breast disease Despite the importance of iodine for proper fetal development, the effects of iodine supplements during pregnancy on infant and child neurodevelopment in particular are inconclusive. )[87][88] It is required for the synthesis of the growth-regulating thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T4 and T3 respectively, named after their number of iodine atoms). [96][97], As of 2000, the median intake of iodine from food in the United States was 240 to 300 μg/day for men and 190 to 210 μg/day for women. For other uses, see, Desormes and Clément made their announcement at the Institut impérial de France on 29 November 1813; a summary of their announcement appeared in the. Am J Clin Nutr. [, Hollowell JG, Haddow JE. 2004 Apr;14(4):327-328. [, Andersson M, Aeberli I, Wüst N, Piacenza AM, Bucher T, Henschen I, Haldimann M, Zimmermann MB. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Iodine is a trace mineral that the body needs to produce thyroid hormones. Roseland J. Total diet study: estimated dietary intakes of nutritional elements, 1982-1991. [69][71], These sources ensure that Chile and Japan are the largest producers of iodine today. Applications of tincture of iodine or Betadine can cause rashes, sometimes severe. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Iodine content of the best-selling United States adult and prenatal multivitamin preparations. 1993 May-Jun;10(3):315-323. In a 2009 randomized, placebo-controlled study, 184 children aged 10–13 years in New Zealand with a median urinary iodine concentration of 63 mcg/L received iodine supplements (150 mcg/day) or placebo for 28 weeks [72]. Many researchers, as well as the American Thyroid Association, stress the importance of continued iodine status monitoring among women of reproductive age [1,4,31,37,55,69,70]. Another significant use is a catalyst for the production of acetic acid by the Monsanto and Cativa processes. Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. Element Iodine (I), Group 17, Atomic Number 53, p-block, Mass 126.904. People living in these areas are at risk of iodine deficiency unless they consume iodized salt or foods produced outside the iodine-deficient area. The action of iodine in mammary tissue is related to fetal and neonatal development, but in the other tissues, it is (at least) partially unknown. It is also used to block uptake of iodine-131 in the thyroid gland (see isotopes section above), when this isotope is used as part of radiopharmaceuticals (such as iobenguane) that are not targeted to the thyroid or thyroid-type tissues. Due to its important role in fetal and infant development and thyroid hormone production, iodine is a critical nutrient for proper health at all life stages. Eating foods rich in iodine ensures the thyroid is able to manage metabolism, detoxification, growth and development. The production of ethylenediamine dihydroiodide, provided as a nutritional supplement for livestock, consumes a large portion of available iodine. Doses of this magnitude should only be used under the guidance of a physician [2]. Hypervalent iodine compounds have received considerable interests from chemists as environmentally friendly oxidants as well as versatile group-transfer reagents for organic synthesis. [, Perrine CG, Herrick KA, Gupta PM, Caldwell KL. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Iodine deficiency, pollutant chemicals, and the thyroid: New information on an old problem. [116][115] As with all medications, the patient's allergy history should be questioned and consulted before any containing iodine are administered. The impact of common micronutrient deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: the evidence from human studies. For these reasons, the values for the foods listed in Table 2 are approximate but can be used as a guide for estimating iodine intakes.